Elementary Teacher Preparation in
Mathematics: Wisconsin
Delivering Well Prepared Teachers Policy
Analysis of Wisconsin's policies
Wisconsin requires that all new elementary teacher candidates pass a general subject-matter test, Praxis II Elementary Education: Content Knowledge (5014) test. This commercial test lacks a specific mathematics subscore, so it may be possible to fail the mathematics portion and still pass the test. Further, while this test does cover important elementary school-level content, it barely evaluates candidates' knowledge beyond an elementary school level, does not challenge their understanding of underlying concepts and does not require candidates to apply knowledge in non-routine, multi-step procedures.
Although Wisconsin requires that all teacher candidates complete a general education program that includes mathematics, the state specifies neither the requisite content of these classes nor that they must meet the needs of elementary teachers. Wisconsin has also articulated broad teaching standards that its approved teacher preparation programs must use to frame instruction in elementary mathematics content, but these standards lack the specificity needed to ensure that teacher preparation programs deliver mathematics content of appropriate breadth and depth to elementary teacher candidates.
Recommendations for Wisconsin
Require all teacher candidates who teach elementary grades to pass a rigorous mathematics assessment.
Wisconsin should assess mathematics content with a rigorous assessment tool, such as the test required in Massachusetts that evaluates mathematics knowledge beyond an elementary school level and challenges candidates' understanding of underlying mathematics concepts. Such a test could also be used to allow candidates to test out of coursework requirements. Teacher candidates who lack minimum mathematics knowledge should not be eligible for licensure.
Require teacher preparation programs to provide mathematics content specifically geared to the needs of elementary teachers.
State response to our analysis
Wisconsin recognized the factual accuracy of this analysis. The state added that it is working to complete
content guidelines (preparation program standards) for Early Childhood,
Early Childhood/Middle Childhood, and Middle Childhood/Early Adult
licensure in relation to mathematics and English Language Arts
competencies. Once this is complete, the state will be able to review
content test
selection against the competencies and determine the next steps.
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Wisconsin
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Delivering Well Prepared Teachers
- Admission into Teacher Preparation
- Elementary Teacher Preparation
- Elementary Teacher Preparation in Reading Instruction
- Elementary Teacher Preparation in Mathematics
- Early Childhood
- Middle School Teacher Preparation
- Secondary Teacher Preparation
- Secondary Teacher Preparation in Science and Social Studies
- Special Education Teacher Preparation
- Special Education Preparation in Reading
- Assessing Professional Knowledge
- Student Teaching
- Teacher Preparation Program Accountability
Expanding the Pool of Teachers
Identifying Effective Teachers
- State Data Systems
- Evaluation of Effectiveness
- Frequency of Evaluations
- Tenure
- Licensure Advancement
- Equitable Distribution
Retaining Effective Teachers
Exiting Ineffective Teachers
Pensions
Research rationale
Required math
coursework should be tailored in both design and delivery to the unique needs
of the elementary teacher.
Aspiring elementary teachers must acquire a deep
conceptual knowledge of the mathematics that they will teach, moving well
beyond mere procedural understanding. Their training should focus on the
critical areas of numbers and operations; algebra; geometry and, to a lesser
degree, data analysis and probability.
To ensure that elementary teachers are well trained to teach
the essential subject of mathematics, states must require teacher preparation
programs to cover these four areas in coursework that it specially designed for
prospective elementary teachers. Leading mathematicians and math educators have
found that elementary teachers are not well served by courses designed for a
general audience and that methods courses also do not provide sufficient
preparation. According to Dr. Roger Howe, a mathematician at Yale University:
"Future teachers do not need so much to learn more mathematics, as to
reshape what they already know."
Most states' policies do not require preparation in
mathematics of appropriate breadth and depth and specific to the needs of the
elementary teacher. NCTQ's reports on teacher preparation, beginning with No Common Denominator: The Preparation of
Elementary Teachers in Mathematics by America's Education Schools in 2008
and continuing through the Teacher Prep
Review in 2013 and 2014 have consistently found few teacher preparation programs across
the country providing high-quality preparation in mathematics. Whether through
standards or coursework requirements, states must ensure that their preparation
programs graduate only teacher candidates who are well prepared to teach
mathematics.
Many state tests
offer no assurance that teachers are prepared to teach mathematics.
An increasing number of states require passage of a
mathematics subtest as a condition of licensure., but many states still rely on
subject-matter tests that include some items (or even a whole section) on
mathematics instruction. However, since subject-specific passing scores are not
required, one need not know much mathematics in order to pass. In fact, in some cases one
could answer every mathematics question incorrectly and still pass. States need
to ensure that it is not possible to pass a licensure test that purportedly
covers mathematics without knowing the critical material.
The content of these tests poses another issue: these tests
should properly test elementary content but not at an
elementary level.
Instead, problems should challenge the teacher candidate's understanding
of underlying concepts and apply knowledge in nonroutine, multistep
procedures. The test required by
Massachusetts and now by North Carolina as well remains the standard bearer for a high quality, rigorous
assessment for elementary teachers entirely and solely focused on mathematics.
Elementary Teacher Preparation in Mathematics: Supporting Research
For
evidence that new teachers are not appropriately prepared to teach mathematics,
see NCTQ, No Common Denominator: The Preparation of Elementary Teachers
in Mathematics by America's Education Schools (2008) at: http://www.nctq.org/p/publications/docs/nctq_ttmath_fullreport_20090603062928.pdf.
For
information on the mathematics content elementary teachers need to know, see
National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, "Highly Qualified Teachers: A Position of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics," (July 2005).
See also Conference Board of the Mathematical
Sciences, The Mathematical Education of Teachers, Issues in Mathematics, Vol. 11,
(American Mathematical Society in cooperation with the Mathematical Association
of America, 2001), p. 8.
For
evidence on the benefits of math content knowledge on student achievement, see S. Kukla-Acevedo "Do Teacher Characteristics Matter? New Results on the Effects of Teacher Preparation on Student Achievement." Economics of Education Review, Volume 28, 2009, pp. 49-57; H. Hill, B. Rowan
and D. Ball "Effects of Teachers' Mathematical Knowledge for Teaching on Student Achievement," American
Educational Research Journal, Volume 42, No. 2, Summer 2005, pp. 371-406.
For
information on where states set passing scores on elementary level content
tests for teacher licensing across the U.S., see chart on p. 13 of NCTQ "Recommendations for the Reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, Removing the Roadblocks: How Federal Policy Can Cultivate Effective Teachers," (2011).